Vertical farming involves growing crops in stacked layers or on vertical surfaces in controlled indoor environments to maximize space and resource efficiency while reducing the need for arable land. Using technologies to regulate temperature, light, and humidity, vertical farms achieve high crop density on a small footprint. Controlled environment agriculture allows for year-round cultivation, with artificial lighting, such as LED lights, ensuring optimal plant growth even in low natural sunlight areas. 

Through the use of solar energy and desalination techniques, greywater or saltwater can be converted to freshwater through the process of solar desalination. Since the desalination process is powered by solar energy, it is an environmentally responsible and sustainable solution to the problem of water scarcity in dry regions.

It includes utilizing solar panels to generate electricity from sunlight, which decreases the need for fossil fuels and massively lowers carbon emissions. Solar energy systems are flexible industrial and residential renewable energy sources that can be used in both environments.

The quality of the air in cities is improved by electric vehicles (EVs), which emit fewer emissions than gasoline or diesel vehicles. Their environmental advantages are dependent on the use of renewable energy sources because fossil fuels have a lower ability to reduce emissions. The manufacturing of lithium-ion batteries, however, has a big influence on the environment. Sustainability can be increased through improving manufacturing processes and recycling rates. Efficient battery recycling reduces the need for new mining by recovering valuable materials. According to life cycle assessments, electric vehicles (EVs) perform more environmentally friendly overall than conventional vehicles.